The Greater Germanic Reich (German: Gro America (nor most other Western nations) does/do not want to acknowledge that all of these Islamic terrorists are terrorists because they are Islamic. Much of the early psychological theorizing was founded on behavioristic principles that embraced an input-output model linked by an internal conduit that makes. This part of my web site provides an extensive reference section to the majority of papers that I have cited in my research over the past 20 years. From the earliest of humankind to the present day, the history of South Africa is interesting and different - land issues, gold. Mass murder (sometimes interchangeable with 'mass destruction') is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period. Aas, H., Klepp, K., Laberg, J. Predicting adolescents' intentions to drink alcohol: Outcome expectancies and self-efficacy. The History of South Africa. South Africa is a country of many cultures, known by its citizens as the Rainbow Nation. The Khoikhoi and San, were called the “Hottentots” and “Bushmen” by the early European settlers. The Khoikhoi, about 2 0. They sought out the pastures between modern- day Namibia and the Eastern Cape, which, generally, are near the coast. In contrast, the San hunter- gatherers adapted to local environments and were scattered across the subcontinent. Here is a selection of the most popular articles published on Global Research this week. Among other stories James Tracy summarizes Robert F. They Shoot Pictures, Don't They? At around the same time, Bantu- speaking farmers began arriving in southern Africa from further north, bringing with them an iron- age culture and domesticated crops. After establishing themselves in the well- watered eastern coastal region of southern Africa, these farmers spread out across the interior plateau, or “highveld”, where they adopted a more extensive cattle- farming culture. At several archaeological sites, such as Mapungubwe and Thulamela in the Limpopo Valley, there is evidence of sophisticated political and material cultures, based in part on contact with the East African trading economy. These cultures, which were part of a broader African civilisation, pre- date European encroachment by several centuries. The farmers did not, however, extend their settlement into the western desert or the winter- rainfall region in the south- west. These regions remained the preserve of the Khoisan until Europeans put down roots at the Cape of Good Hope. The early colonial period. Portuguese seafarers, who pioneered the sea route to India in the late 1. South African coast during the early 1. The Diaz Museum in Mossel Bay showcases this history. Other Europeans followed from the late 1. In 1. 65. 2, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) set up a station in Table Bay (Cape Town) and the Cape Town Castle soon followed as a fort and living quarters for the officials. The station was developed to provision passing ships. Trade with the Khoikhoi for slaughter stock soon degenerated into raiding and warfare. Beginning in 1. 65. European settlers were allotted farms by the colonial authorities in the arable regions around Cape Town, where wine and wheat became the major products. In response to the colonists’ demand for labour, the VOC imported slaves from East Africa, Madagascar, and its possessions from the East Indies. By the early 1. 70. These relatively independent and mobile farmers called trekboers, who lived as pastoralists and hunters, were largely free from supervision by the Dutch authorities. As they intruded further upon the land and water sources, and stepped up their demands for livestock and labour, more and more of the indigenous inhabitants were dispossessed and incorporated into the colonial economy as servants. Diseases such as smallpox, which was introduced by the Europeans in 1. Khoisan, contributing to the decline of their cultures. Unions across the colour line took place and a new multiracial social order evolved, based on the supremacy of European colonists. The slave population steadily increased since more labour was needed. By the mid- 1. 70. Cape than there were “free burghers” (European colonists). The Asian slaves were concentrated in the towns, where they formed an artisan class still evident today. They brought with them the Islamic religion, which gained adherents and significantly shaped the working- class culture of the Western Cape. Slaves of African descent were found more often on the farms of outlying districts. Resistance to colonial encroachment. In the late 1. 70. Khoisan offered far more determined resistance to colonial encroachment across the length of the colonial frontier. From the 1. 77. 0s, colonists also came into contact and conflict with Bantu- speaking chiefdoms. A century of intermittent warfare ensued during which the colonists gained ascendancy, first over the Khoisan and then over the Xhosa- speaking chiefdoms to the east. It was only in the late 1. African societies became feasible. For some time, their relatively sophisticated social structure and economic systems fended off decisive disruption by incoming colonists, who lacked the necessary military superiority. At the same time, a process of cultural change was set in motion, not least by commercial and missionary activity. In contrast to the Khoisan, the black farmers were, by and large, immune to European diseases. For this and other reasons, they were to greatly outnumbered the whites in the population of white- ruled South Africa, and were able to preserve important features of their culture. Rise of the Zulus. Perhaps because of population pressures, combined with the actions of slave traders in Portuguese territory on the east coast, the Zulu kingdom emerged as a highly centralised state. In the 1. 82. 0s, the innovative leader Shaka established sway over a considerable area of south- east Africa and brought many chiefdoms under his dominion. As splinter groups conquered and absorbed communities in their path, the disruption was felt as far north as central Africa. Substantial states, such as Moshoeshoe’s Lesotho and other Sotho- Tswana chiefdoms, were established, partly for reasons of defence. The Mfecane or Difaqane, as this period of disruption and state formation became known, remains the subject of much speculative debate. The British colonial era. In 1. 79. 5, the British occupied the Cape as a strategic base against the French, controlling the sea route to the East. After a brief reversion to the Dutch in the course of the Napoleonic wars, it was retaken in 1. Britain in the post- war settlement of territorial claims. The closed and regulated economic system of the Dutch period was swept away as the Cape Colony was integrated into the dynamic international trading empire of industrialising Britain. Missionaries. A crucial new element was evangelicalism, brought to the Cape by Protestant missionaries. The evangelicals believed in the liberating effect of “free” labour and in the “civilising mission” of British imperialism. They were convinced that indigenous peoples could be fully assimilated into European Christian culture once the shackles of oppression had been removed. The most important representative of the mission movement in South Africa was Dr John Philip, who arrived as superintendent of the London Missionary Society in 1. His campaign on behalf of the oppressed Khoisan coincided with a high point in official sympathy for philanthropic concerns. One result was Ordinance 5. At the same time, a powerful anti- slavery movement in Britain promoted a series of ameliorative measures, imposed on the colonies in the 1. The slaves were subject to a four- year period of “apprenticeship” with their former owners, on the grounds that they must be prepared for freedom, which came on 1 December 1. Although slavery had become less profitable because of a depression in the wine industry, Cape slave- owners rallied to oppose emancipation. The compensation money, which the British treasury paid out to sweeten the pill, injected unprecedented liquidity into the stagnant local economy. This brought a spurt of company formation, such as banks and insurance companies, as well as a surge of investment in land and wool sheep in the drier regions of the colony, in the late 1. Wool became a staple export on which the Cape economy depended for its further development in the middle decades of the century. For the ex- slaves, as for the Khoisan servants, the reality of freedom was very different from the promise. As a wage- based economy developed, they remained dispossessed and exploited, with little opportunity to escape their servile lot. Increasingly, they were lumped together as the “coloured” people, a group which included the descendants of unions between indigenous and European peoples, and a substantial Muslim minority who became known as the “Cape Malays” (misleadingly, as they mostly came from the Indonesian archipelago). The coloured people were discriminated against on account of their working- class status as well as their racial identity. Among the poor, especially in and around Cape Town, there continued to be a great deal of racial mixing and intermarriage throughout the 1. Settlers. In 1. 82. British settlers, who were swept up by a scheme to relieve Britain of its unemployed, were placed in the Eastern Cape frontier zone as a buffer against the Xhosa chiefdoms. The vision of a dense settlement of small farmers was, however, ill- conceived and many of the settlers became artisans and traders. The more successful became an entrepreneurial class of merchants, large- scale sheep farmers and speculators with an insatiable demand for land. Some became fierce warmongers who pressed for the military dispossession of the chiefdoms. They coveted Xhosa land and welcomed the prospect of war involving large- scale military expenditure by the imperial authorities. The Xhosa engaged in raiding as a means of asserting their prior claims to the land. Racial paranoia became integral to white frontier politics. The result was that frontier warfare became endemic through much of the 1. Xhosa war leaders such as Chief Maqoma became heroic figures to their people. By the mid- 1. 80. British settlers of similar persuasion were to be found in Natal. They too called for imperial expansion in support of their land claims and trading enterprises. Great Trek. Meanwhile, large numbers of the original colonists, the Boers, were greatly extending white occupation beyond the Cape’s borders to the north, in the movement that became known as the Great Trek, in the mid- 1. Alienated by British liberalism, and with their economic enterprise usurped by British settlers, several thousand Boers from the interior districts, accompanied by a number of Khoisan servants, began a series of migrations northwards. They moved to the Highveld and Natal, skirting the great concentrations of black farmers on the way by taking advantage of the areas disrupted during the Mfecane – the devastation caused by black on black warfare.
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